吃货祖先说：美食不如美器

Food ancestors said: Food is not as beautiful

 在博物馆的青铜区域，我们时常会看到一些“不明觉厉”的字，让人不得不怀疑自己的汉字储备。

“没有什么烦恼是一顿火锅解决不了的，如果有，那就吃两顿”。据中国烹饪协会统计，在刚刚过去的2017年，全国餐饮收入或超3.9万亿元，而最受中国人欢迎的还属火锅。火锅，在中国已经火了几千年。火锅的前身就是鼎了，倒上水，搁上辛苦猎来的肉食，腹下烧火，烹煮食材……吃饱喝足才能生活安定，于是，这一口可以提供美食的“锅”，就成了“国之重器”，成了一种象征——“定鼎”，是定都建国；“鼎盛”，是兴旺发达；“一言九鼎”，是承诺之重；“鼎力相助”，则是关系之铁……可见这一口锅对整个中华文化的深远影响。

伯公父簠 陕西省周原博物馆藏 西周

生活条件改善了，对吃的要求也就高起来。俗话说“美食不如美器”，咱们的祖先就发明了各种食器来满足不同的烹饪、存储食物的要求，久而久之，也成为礼器。与现在我们张口闭口“瓶子、罐子、盘子、杯子”的简单叫法不同，祖先们的食器都有着细致的分类和命名，连器具上的部件也都有命名。在博物馆的青铜区域，我们时常会看到一些“不明觉厉”的字，让人不得不怀疑自己的汉字储备。下面，我们就一块来认认这些字。

鬲(lì，音历)：煮饭用，一般为侈口、三空足，便于炊煮加热。鬲和鼎的主要区别在足部，鬲足中空，足壁与器壁相连。

甗(yǎn，音演)：相当于现在的蒸锅。全器分上、下两部分，上部为甑（zèng，音赠），置食物，相当于蒸屉；下部为鬲，置水烧热后产生蒸汽。甑与鬲之间有一铜片，叫做箄（pái，音排）。上有通蒸气的十字孔或直线孔。

簋(guǐ,音轨)：相当于现在的大碗，盛放煮熟饭食的器皿。一般为圆腹、侈口、圈足、有二耳。

簠(fǔ，音辅)：盛放黍、稷、粱、稻等饭食的器具。长方形，口外侈，四短足。有盖，盖、器大小相同，合上成为一器，打开则为相同的两器，在古器物学上又称为“却立”或“却置”。簠器在经籍中称为“胡”或“瑚”。

盨(xǔ，音徐)：盛黍，稷，稻，粱用。椭圆形，敛口，二耳，圈足，有盖。

斝(jiǎ，音甲)：温酒器。形状像爵，有三足，两柱，一鋬。

觯(zhì，音至)：饮酒器。圆腹、侈口、圈足、形似小瓶，大多数有盖。

兕觥(sìgōng，音四工）：盛酒或饮酒器。椭圆形腹或方形腹， 圈足或四足，有流和鋬，盖作成兽头或象头形。

本文来源：浙江在线-美术报

Food ancestors said: Food is not as beautiful

  In the bronze area of the museum, we often see some "unclear" words, people have to doubt their own reserve of Chinese characters.

  " No worries are a hot pot can not be solved, if there is, eat two meals." According to the statistics of the China Cuisine Association, in the past 2017, the national food and beverage revenue exceeded 3.9 trillion yuan, and the most popular among Chinese are hot pots. Hot pots have been fired in China for thousands of years. The hotpot's predecessor was Ding, poured into the water, put on the hard-fought meat, ate under the abdomen, cooked the ingredients... to eat and drink enough to live a stable life. So, this one can provide a “pot” of gourmet food. The “National Power System” has become a symbol—“Dingding”, which is capitalizing on the founding of the country; “heavy prosperity” is prosperous and flourishing; “instant success” is the weight of commitment; and “diligent support” is the relationship. The iron... It can be seen that this pot has a profound influence on the entire Chinese culture.

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  The father-in-law of the father-in-law of the Zhouyuan Museum in Shaanxi Province

  The living conditions have improved and the demand for food has increased. As the saying goes, “Food is not as good as a beautiful device.” Our ancestors invented a variety of food devices to meet different requirements for cooking and storing foods. Over time, they became ritual vessels. Unlike the simple name that we now use to keep mouth closed, “bottles, jars, plates, and cups”, the ancestors’ foods are carefully categorized and named, and even the parts on the utensils are named. In the bronze area of the museum, we often see some "unclear" words, people have to doubt their own reserve of Chinese characters. Below, we recognize these words together.

  鬲 (lì, sound calendar): For cooking, it is generally extravagant and three empty feet for easy cooking and heating. The main difference between Sui and Ding is in the foot, which is hollow and the foot wall is connected to the wall.

  甗 (yǎn, sound performance): It is equivalent to the steamer now. The whole device is divided into upper and lower parts, the upper part is 甑 (zèng, sound gift), and the food is equivalent to steamer; the lower part is simmer, and the steam is generated when the water is warmed up. There is a piece of copper between 甑 and ,, called 箄 (pái, 音音). There is a cross hole or a straight hole with steam.

  簋 (guǐ, audio track): It is equivalent to the current big bowl and holds containers for cooking meals. Generally round abdomen, extravagant mouth, ring foot, two ears.

  簠 (fǔ, 音辅): He holds utensils such as 黍, 稷, 粱, and rice. Rectangular, extravagant, four short. There are lids, lids, and instruments of the same size, and they become the same device, and they are the same two devices when they are opened. They are also known as “stand” or “set” in the ancient material theory. The burial device is called "Hu" or "Hu" in the scriptures.

  盨 (xǔ, 音徐): 盛黍, 稷, 稻, 粱 粱. Oval shape, loose mouth, two ears, ring foot, covered.

  斝 (jiǎ, sound A): warm wine. Shaped like a grandfather, there are three feet, two columns, and one.

  觯 (zhì, sound to): drinking device. Round belly, extravagant mouth, ring foot, shape like a vial, most have a lid.

  兕觥 (sìgōng, tone four workers): Sheng wine or drinker. Oval-shaped belly or square abdomen, ring-foot or four-legged, with stream and beak, covered as animal head or head shape.

  This article Source: Zhejiang Online - Art News