让教育“卸掉浓妆”回归本真

Let education "remove the heavy makeup" return to true.

2018年03月23日08:52  来源：光明日报

两会刚刚结束，《关于做好2018年普通高校招生工作的通知》《教育部办公厅关于规范管理面向基础教育领域开展的竞赛挂牌命名表彰等活动的公告》等一整套文件就密集出炉，展示了教育行政部门花大力气治理解决中小学生课外负担重、“择校热”、“大班额”等突出问题的信心和智慧。

如何让教育回归本真？如何回应人民群众对教育的期盼？记者采访了教育领域的相关专家。

记者：很多培训班、竞赛打着“创新思维”“素质教育”的幌子，令学校、学生和家长难以分辨，事实是怎样的？学生的核心素养如何养成？

翟小宁（人大附中校长）：教育是一门育人的科学，要坚持一切从实际出发，按照客观规律办事。遵循规律则事半功倍，违背规律则事倍功半。教育部在新学期伊始颁布的这份文件精神就是在重申尊重育人规律，还教育一个风气雅静的氛围。

古人常讲“德润身”，青少年品德的培养不仅需要教育者谆谆诲之，行动范之，还需要有一个安静、平和、诚信的环境，学生身处其间，如入兰芷之室，久而不闻其香，与之化矣。反之，若教育环境中充斥着急功近利，学生身处其间，则如入鲍鱼之肆，久而不闻其臭，亦与之化矣。

管杰（北京市第十八中学校长）：许多学生参加竞赛既非对该学科有特殊的爱好，也不是学有余力，而是任务驱动使然。同时，竞赛的试题重在偏、难、新、奇，与课程标准不太一致，所以会对参赛学生的正常学科思维产生一定的影响，会令一些参加竞赛的学生学科基础薄弱，思维偏颇，很难成为真正意义上的创新性人才。公告的颁布，将会使许多学生从各种竞赛中解脱出来，不再被揠苗助长，使我们的基础教育顺应学生的本性，促成其内在的觉醒和人性的完善，能够像野花一样自由茁壮成长。

记者：治理课外负担重的问题，会不会令学生的基础打不牢？一些评论认为，日本在1989年前后曾全面推行“宽松教育”，他们的学生出现了“竞争力不强”的现象。如何减负加质，需要注意哪些方面？

杨银付（国家教育发展研究中心）：近年来，校外培训机构发展迅猛，一定程度上满足了部分中小学生对学习的补充性需求。但一些面向中小学生举办的以“应试”为导向的培训，裹挟家长带孩子抢跑，影响了学校正常的教育教学秩序，造成学生课外负担过重。教育部、民政部、人社部、工商总局等四部门的联合行动，回应人民群众诉求，依法维护学生权益，坚决治理违背教育教学规律和青少年成长规律的行为，将推动解决中小学生过重课外负担问题。这一文件吸纳上海、成都、南昌等地的做法和经验，把规范校外培训机构管理作为深化教育体制机制改革的重要内容，强调标本兼治、内外联动、堵疏结合。

例如，强调治理无资质和有安全隐患的培训机构，把确保学生安全放在首要位置；治理数学语文等学科类超纲教超前学等“应试”培训行为，把减轻学生校外负担放在最突出位置；治理学校和教师中存在的不良教育教学行为，把强化学校和教师管理提到更重要位置。

文件中强调，校外培训机构开展学科类培训的班次、内容、招生对象、上课时间等要向所在地教育行政部门进行登记备案并向社会公布，就是要从操作上纠正“超纲教学”“提前教学”“强化应试”等不良行为，上海市还规定培训机构不得妨碍未成年人正常休息，授课结束时间不得晚于20时30分。要坚持教育公益性，通过分类规范管理，发展素质教育，让培训机构成为学校教育的有益补充。

学校在立德树人中发挥主导作用，要把学校育人功能进一步壮大起来。学校要着力提高教育教学质量和效率，政府应公平配置学校教育资源，但学校可以追求卓越，不应“平庸化”，更不应“拉美化”。学校要拓展公共服务内涵，公办学校中后进的20%学生应得到校内针对性补习的公共服务，努力确保每一个孩子都不掉队。

记者：减负，是个老生常谈的话题，这次的组合拳能否让蔓延已久的“全民补课”降温？

刘希娅（全国人大代表、重庆市九龙坡区谢家湾小学校长）：为什么繁重的补课、占坑班盛行、各类竞赛受追捧，因为这些都与“小升初”“中考”等家长最关心的问题关联。由于监管的缺失，补课机构可以随意组织各种名目的竞赛活动，学生参加补课就能参加竞赛获得证书。而补课机构与部分重点中学形成利益链条，学生凭借竞赛证书就能敲开某些优质中学的大门。《公告》的颁布与实施一举牵住了治理这种教育乱象的牛鼻子。“面向基础教育领域开展的竞赛、挂牌、命名及表彰等活动的获奖结果只能视为荣誉，不得作为中小学招生入学依据。”“各级教育行政部门和学校不得承认违规开展的此类活动的成绩或结果。”“严禁组织与义务教育招生入学挂钩的奥数、等级评定、选拔性考试及学科类竞赛活动。”这些举措如果层层监管到位，将阻断补课、竞赛与升学之间的关联，定能为“全民盲目补课热”降温。（记者 姚晓丹）

Let education "remove the heavy makeup" return to true.

March 23, 2018 08:52 source: guangming daily.

CPPCC has just concluded, and regarding the 2018 ordinary university recruitment of students work notice "the general office of the ministry of education of normative management in basic education oriented competition for announcement of name recognition and other activities, such as a set of files is dense, shows the effort of the administrative department for education governance solve the primary and middle school students' extracurricular heavy burden," school choice hot ", "large amount" outstanding problems such as the confidence and wisdom.

How to get education back to real? How to respond to the people's expectations of education? The reporter interviewed the relevant experts in education field.

Reporter: many training courses and competitions are under the cover of "innovative thinking" and "quality education", which makes it difficult for schools, students and parents to tell the truth. How to cultivate students' core qualities?

Zhai xiaoling (President of the people's congress) : education is a science of educating people. We should insist on doing things according to objective laws. If you follow the law, you will get twice the result with half the effort. The spirit of the document issued by the ministry of education at the beginning of the new semester is to reiterate the respect for the law of education and the atmosphere of a quiet atmosphere of education.

The ancients often speak "DE embellish body", the cultivation of teenagers moral character needs not only educators earnestly law, action of the van, also need to have a quiet, gentle, good faith environment, students in the meantime, such as into the chamber of LAN zhi, long do not hear, and with the past. On the other hand, if education environment is full of immediate benefits, students in the meantime, such as in abalone, long without smelling its odour, also with it.

Guan jie (director of the 18th central school in Beijing) : many students take part in the competition not only have special interest in the subject, but also do not have the spare capacity, but the task driven. At the same time, the paper focuses on partial of the competition, difficult, new, strange, and curriculum standard is not consistent, so will the participating students thinking have influence normal subject, makes some students attending the competition subject foundation weak, thinking bias, it is difficult to become a real sense of innovative talents. The promulgation of the announcement, will make many students from a variety of free competition, is no longer clay, to make our basic education conforms to the nature of students, contribute to its internal awakening and the perfection of human nature, freedom to like wildflowers thrive.

Reporter: how to deal with the burden of extra-curricular burden? Some critics argue that Japan's "loose education" was fully implemented around 1989, and that their students were "not competitive". How to reduce and add quality, what aspects should you pay attention to?

Yang yinfu (national education development research center) : in recent years, off-campus training institutions have developed rapidly, which partly satisfies the supplementary needs of some primary and middle school students. However, some training programs oriented to "exam-oriented" oriented by primary and middle school students, with their parents taking the children in the rush, affected the normal education teaching order of the school, which caused the students to overburden themselves. The ministry of education, the ministry of civil affairs, people club department, state administration for industry and Commerce Department's joint action, response to people's demands, maintain the rights and interests of students, in accordance with the law firm governance behavior against law of education teaching rule and the youth, will solve the problem of overweight extracurricular burden of primary and middle school students. This file to absorb Shanghai, chengdu, nanchang, etc of the practice and experience of the off-campus training organization management as an important content of deepening the reform of education system mechanism, emphasis on symptoms, internal and external linkage, hydrophobic combination.

For example, the emphasis on the management of unqualified and unsafe training institutions to ensure the safety of students in the first place; The "exam-oriented" training activities such as the management of the math language and other subjects such as the "exam-oriented" training should be put in the most prominent position. The bad education teaching behavior exists in schools and teachers, and the strengthening of school and teacher management is more important.

File, stressed that the divisions of the off-campus training institutions to carry out the subject training, content, recruit students object, class time is registered to the local education authority for the record and publish to the society, is to correct the "super class teaching" from the operation of "teaching" in advance "strengthen examination" bad behavior, such as the Shanghai also provides training institution shall not interfere with the normal rest, juvenile teaching time shall not be later than the end of 20 when 30 points. We should stick to education public welfare, manage by classification and standard, develop quality education, and make the training institution a useful complement to education.

The school plays a leading role in the lide tree, and the school education function should be further strengthened. Schools should focus on improving the teaching quality and efficiency of education. The government should allocate education resources fairly, but the school can pursue excellence, not "mediocrity", and should not "beautify". The school should expand the connotation of public service, and 20% of the students in the public schools should get the public service of the targeted tutoring in the school, so as to ensure that every child is not left behind.

Reporter: reduce negative, it is a commonplace topic, this combination of boxing can let the spread long "national makeup lesson" to cool down?

Liu Xiya (the National People's Congress, chongqing municipality jiulongpo district xiejiawan primary school principals) : why heavy make up a missed lesson, class of pit and all kinds of competitions, because these are linked to "examination" parents "among" the most concern of the association. Due to the lack of supervision, remedial institutions can organize various kinds of competition activities at will, and students can participate in the contest to get the certificate. In addition, the remediation organization and some key schools form a profit chain, and students can crack open the door of some high-quality secondary schools by virtue of the competition certificate. The promulgation and implementation of the bulletin has taken care of the bullnose of this education chaos. "The results of competitions, listing, naming and commendation in the education sector can only be regarded as an honor and not as a basis for admission to primary and secondary schools." "Education administrative departments and schools at all levels shall not admit the results or results of such activities carried out in violation of regulations." "It is strictly prohibited to organize the Olympic number, grade assessment, selective examination and disciplinary competition activities linked to education enrollment." If these measures are in place, they will block the link between make-up lessons, competition and promotion, and will be able to cool down the "fever of universal blindness". (reporter yao xiaodan)